Queries

---

Queries in SQL Server

A query is a request for data or information from a database table or combination of tables.This data may be generated as results returned by Structured Query Language (SQL) or as pictorials, graphs or complex results, e.g., trend analyses from data-mining tools.

Queries that are used in DML,DDL are explained and listed out respectively:

Function	Description
BULK INSERT	Imports a data file into a database table or view in a user-specified format

SYNTAX

BULK INSERT   
   { database_name.schema_name.table_or_view_name | schema_name.table_or_view_name | table_or_view_name }
      FROM 'data_file'   
     [ WITH   
    (   
   [ [ , ] BATCHSIZE = batch_size ]   
   [ [ , ] CHECK_CONSTRAINTS ]   
   [ [ , ] CODEPAGE = { 'ACP' | 'OEM' | 'RAW' | 'code_page' } ]   
   [ [ , ] DATAFILETYPE =   
      { 'char' | 'native'| 'widechar' | 'widenative' } ]   
   [ [ , ] DATASOURCE = 'data_source_name' ]
   [ [ , ] ERRORFILE = 'file_name' ]
   [ [ , ] ERRORFILE_DATA_SOURCE = 'data_source_name' ]   
   [ [ , ] FIRSTROW = first_row ]   
   [ [ , ] FIRE_TRIGGERS ]   
   [ [ , ] FORMATFILE_DATASOURCE = 'data_source_name' ]
   [ [ , ] KEEPIDENTITY ]   
   [ [ , ] KEEPNULLS ]   
   [ [ , ] KILOBYTES_PER_BATCH = kilobytes_per_batch ]   
   [ [ , ] LASTROW = last_row ]   
   [ [ , ] MAXERRORS = max_errors ]   
   [ [ , ] ORDER ( { column [ ASC | DESC ] } [ ,...n ] ) ]   
   [ [ , ] ROWS_PER_BATCH = rows_per_batch ]   
   [ [ , ] ROWTERMINATOR = 'row_terminator' ]   
   [ [ , ] TABLOCK ]   

   -- input file format options
   [ [ , ] FORMAT = 'CSV' ]
   [ [ , ] FIELDQUOTE = 'quote_characters']
   [ [ , ] FORMATFILE = 'format_file_path' ]   
   [ [ , ] FIELDTERMINATOR = 'field_terminator' ]   
   [ [ , ] ROWTERMINATOR = 'row_terminator' ]   
    )]   

Function	Description
DELETE	Removes one or more rows from a table or view

SYNTAX

-- Syntax for SQL Server and Azure SQL Database  
  
[ WITH <common_table_expression> [ ,...n ] ]  
DELETE   
    [ TOP ( expression ) [ PERCENT ] ]   
    [ FROM ]   
    { { table_alias  
      | <object>   
      | rowset_function_limited   
      [ WITH ( table_hint_limited [ ...n ] ) ] }   
      | @table_variable  
    }  
    [ <OUTPUT Clause> ]  
    [ FROM table_source [ ,...n ] ]   
    [ WHERE { <search_condition>   
            | { [ CURRENT OF   
                   { { [ GLOBAL ] cursor_name }   
                       | cursor_variable_name   
                   }   
                ]  
              }  
            }   
    ]   
    [ OPTION ( <Query Hint> [ ,...n ] ) ]   
[; ]  
  
<object> ::=  
{   
    [ server_name.database_name.schema_name.   
      | database_name. [ schema_name ] .   
      | schema_name.  
    ]  
    table_or_view_name   
}  

-- Syntax for Azure SQL Data Warehouse and Parallel Data Warehouse  
  
DELETE FROM [database_name . [ schema ] . | schema. ] table_name    
    [ WHERE <search_condition> ]   
    [ OPTION ( <query_options> [ ,...n ]  ) ]  
[; ]  

Function	Description
DISABLE TRIGGER	Disables a trigger.

SYNTAX

DISABLE TRIGGER { [ schema_name . ] trigger_name [ ,...n ] | ALL }  
ON { object_name | DATABASE | ALL SERVER } [ ; ]  

Function	Description
ENABLE TRIGGER	Enables a DML, DDL, or logon trigger.

SYNTAX

ENABLE TRIGGER { [ schema_name . ] trigger_name [ ,...n ] | ALL }  
ON { object_name | DATABASE | ALL SERVER } [ ; ] 

Function	Description
INSERT	Adds one or more rows to a table or a view

SYNTAX

-- Syntax for SQL Server and Azure SQL Database  

[ WITH <common_table_expression> [ ,...n ] ]  
INSERT   
{  
        [ TOP ( expression ) [ PERCENT ] ]   
        [ INTO ]   
        { <object> | rowset_function_limited   
          [ WITH ( <Table_Hint_Limited> [ ...n ] ) ]  
        }  
    {  
        [ ( column_list ) ]   
        [ <OUTPUT Clause> ]  
        { VALUES ( { DEFAULT | NULL | expression } [ ,...n ] ) [ ,...n     ]   
        | derived_table   
        | execute_statement  
        | <dml_table_source>  
        | DEFAULT VALUES   
        }  
    }  
}  
[;]  
  
<object> ::=  
{   
    [ server_name . database_name . schema_name .   
      | database_name .[ schema_name ] .   
      | schema_name .   
    ]  
  table_or_view_name  
}  
  
<dml_table_source> ::=  
    SELECT <select_list>  
    FROM ( <dml_statement_with_output_clause> )   
      [AS] table_alias [ ( column_alias [ ,...n ] ) ]  
    [ WHERE <search_condition> ]  
        [ OPTION ( <query_hint> [ ,...n ] ) ]  

Function	Description
INSERT (SQL Graph)	Adds one or more rows to a node or edge table in SQL Server.

The syntax for inserting into a Node table is the same as for a regular table

SYNTAX

[ WITH <common_table_expression> [ ,...n ] ]  
INSERT   
{  
        [ TOP ( expression ) [ PERCENT ] ]   
        [ INTO ]   
        { <object> | rowset_function_limited   
          [ WITH ( <Table_Hint_Limited> [ ...n ] ) ]  
        }  
    {  
        [ (column_list) ] | [(<edge_table_column_list>)]  
        [ <OUTPUT Clause> ]  
        { VALUES ( { DEFAULT | NULL | expression } [ ,...n ] ) [ ,...n     ]   
        | derived_table   
        | execute_statement  
        | <dml_table_source>  
        | DEFAULT VALUES   
        }  
    }  
}  
[;]  
  
<object> ::=  
{   
    [ server_name . database_name . schema_name .   
      | database_name .[ schema_name ] .   
      | schema_name .   
    ]  
    node_table_name  | edge_table_name
}  
  
<dml_table_source> ::=  
    SELECT <select_list>  
    FROM ( <dml_statement_with_output_clause> )   
      [AS] table_alias [ ( column_alias [ ,...n ] ) ]  
    [ WHERE <on_or_where_search_condition> ]  
        [ OPTION ( <query_hint> [ ,...n ] ) ]  

<on_or_where_search_condition> ::=
    {  <search_condition_with_match> | <search_condition> }

<search_condition_with_match> ::=
    { <graph_predicate> | [ NOT ] <predicate> | ( <search_condition> ) }
    [ AND { <graph_predicate> | [ NOT ] <predicate> | ( <search_condition> ) } ]
    [ ,...n ]

<search_condition> ::=
    { [ NOT ] <predicate> | ( <search_condition> ) }
    [ { AND | OR } [ NOT ] { <predicate> | ( <search_condition> ) } ]
    [ ,...n ]

<graph_predicate> ::=
    MATCH( <graph_search_pattern> [ AND <graph_search_pattern> ] [ , ...n] )

<graph_search_pattern>::=
    <node_alias> { { <-( <edge_alias> )- | -( <edge_alias> )-> } <node_alias> }

<edge_table_column_list> ::=
    ($from_id, $to_id, [column_list])

Function	Description
UPDATE	Changes existing data in a table or view in SQL Server 2017

SYNTAX

-- Syntax for SQL Server and Azure SQL Database  

[ WITH <common_table_expression> [...n] ]  
UPDATE   
    [ TOP ( expression ) [ PERCENT ] ]   
    { { table_alias | <object> | rowset_function_limited   
         [ WITH ( <Table_Hint_Limited> [ ...n ] ) ]  
      }  
      | @table_variable      
    }  
    SET  
        { column_name = { expression | DEFAULT | NULL }  
          | { udt_column_name.{ { property_name = expression  
                                | field_name = expression }  
                                | method_name ( argument [ ,...n ] )  
                              }  
          }  
          | column_name { .WRITE ( expression , @Offset , @Length ) }  
          | @variable = expression  
          | @variable = column = expression  
          | column_name { += | -= | *= | /= | %= | &= | ^= | |= } expression  
          | @variable { += | -= | *= | /= | %= | &= | ^= | |= } expression  
          | @variable = column { += | -= | *= | /= | %= | &= | ^= | |= } expression  
        } [ ,...n ]   
  
    [ <OUTPUT Clause> ]  
    [ FROM{ <table_source> } [ ,...n ] ]   
    [ WHERE { <search_condition>   
            | { [ CURRENT OF   
                  { { [ GLOBAL ] cursor_name }   
                      | cursor_variable_name   
                  }   
                ]  
              }  
            }   
    ]   
    [ OPTION ( <query_hint> [ ,...n ] ) ]  
[ ; ]  
  
<object> ::=  
{   
    [ server_name . database_name . schema_name .   
    | database_name .[ schema_name ] .   
    | schema_name .  
    ]  
    table_or_view_name}  

-- Syntax for Azure SQL Data Warehouse and Parallel Data Warehouse  

UPDATE [ database_name . [ schema_name ] . | schema_name . ] table_name   
SET { column_name = { expression | NULL } } [ ,...n ]  
[ FROM from_clause ]  
[ WHERE <search_condition> ]   
[ OPTION ( LABEL = label_name ) ]  
[;]  

Function	Description
MERGE	Runs insert, update, or delete operations on a target table from the results of a join with a source table. For example, synchronize two tables by inserting, updating, or deleting rows in one table based on differences found in the other table.

SYNTAX

[ WITH <common_table_expression> [,...n] ]  
MERGE
    [ TOP ( expression ) [ PERCENT ] ]
    [ INTO ] <target_table> [ WITH ( <merge_hint> ) ] [ [ AS ] table_alias ]  
    USING <table_source>
    ON <merge_search_condition>  
    [ WHEN MATCHED [ AND <clause_search_condition> ]  
        THEN <merge_matched> ] [ ...n ]  
    [ WHEN NOT MATCHED [ BY TARGET ] [ AND <clause_search_condition> ]  
        THEN <merge_not_matched> ]  
    [ WHEN NOT MATCHED BY SOURCE [ AND <clause_search_condition> ]  
        THEN <merge_matched> ] [ ...n ]  
    [ <output_clause> ]  
    [ OPTION ( <query_hint> [ ,...n ] ) ]
;  
  
<target_table> ::=  
{
    [ database_name . schema_name . | schema_name . ]  
  target_table  
}  
  
<merge_hint>::=  
{  
    { [ <table_hint_limited> [ ,...n ] ]  
    [ [ , ] INDEX ( index_val [ ,...n ] ) ] }  
}  
  
<table_source> ::=
{  
    table_or_view_name [ [ AS ] table_alias ] [ <tablesample_clause> ]
        [ WITH ( table_hint [ [ , ]...n ] ) ]
  | rowset_function [ [ AS ] table_alias ]
        [ ( bulk_column_alias [ ,...n ] ) ]
  | user_defined_function [ [ AS ] table_alias ]  
  | OPENXML <openxml_clause>
  | derived_table [ AS ] table_alias [ ( column_alias [ ,...n ] ) ]
  | <joined_table>
  | <pivoted_table>
  | <unpivoted_table>
}  
  
<merge_search_condition> ::=  
    <search_condition>  
  
<merge_matched>::=  
    { UPDATE SET <set_clause> | DELETE }  
  
<set_clause>::=  
SET  
  { column_name = { expression | DEFAULT | NULL }  
  | { udt_column_name.{ { property_name = expression  
                        | field_name = expression }  
                        | method_name ( argument [ ,...n ] ) }  
    }  
  | column_name { .WRITE ( expression , @Offset , @Length ) }  
  | @variable = expression  
  | @variable = column = expression  
  | column_name { += | -= | *= | /= | %= | &= | ^= | |= } expression  
  | @variable { += | -= | *= | /= | %= | &= | ^= | |= } expression  
  | @variable = column { += | -= | *= | /= | %= | &= | ^= | |= } expression  
  } [ ,...n ]
  
<merge_not_matched>::=  
{  
    INSERT [ ( column_list ) ]
        { VALUES ( values_list )  
        | DEFAULT VALUES }  
}  
  
<clause_search_condition> ::=  
    <search_condition>  
  
<search condition> ::=  
    MATCH(<graph_search_pattern>) | <search_condition_without_match> | <search_condition> AND <search_condition>

<search_condition_without_match> ::=
    { [ NOT ] <predicate> | ( <search_condition_without_match> )
    [ { AND | OR } [ NOT ] { <predicate> | ( <search_condition_without_match> ) } ]
[ ,...n ]  

<predicate> ::=
    { expression { = | < > | ! = | > | > = | ! > | < | < = | ! < } expression
    | string_expression [ NOT ] LIKE string_expression
  [ ESCAPE 'escape_character' ]
    | expression [ NOT ] BETWEEN expression AND expression
    | expression IS [ NOT ] NULL
    | CONTAINS
  ( { column | * } , '< contains_search_condition >' )
    | FREETEXT ( { column | * } , 'freetext_string' )
    | expression [ NOT ] IN ( subquery | expression [ ,...n ] )
    | expression { = | < > | ! = | > | > = | ! > | < | < = | ! < }
  { ALL | SOME | ANY} ( subquery )
    | EXISTS ( subquery ) }

<graph_search_pattern> ::=
    { <node_alias> {
                      { <-( <edge_alias> )- }
                    | { -( <edge_alias> )-> }
                    <node_alias>
                   }
    }
  
<node_alias> ::=
    node_table_name | node_table_alias

<edge_alias> ::=
    edge_table_name | edge_table_alias

<output_clause>::=  
{  
    [ OUTPUT <dml_select_list> INTO { @table_variable | output_table }  
        [ (column_list) ] ]  
    [ OUTPUT <dml_select_list> ]  
}  
  
<dml_select_list>::=  
    { <column_name> | scalar_expression }
        [ [AS] column_alias_identifier ] [ ,...n ]  
  
<column_name> ::=  
    { DELETED | INSERTED | from_table_name } . { * | column_name }  
    | $action  

Function	Description
TRUNCATE TABLE	Removes all rows from a table or specified partitions of a table, without logging the individual row deletions. TRUNCATE TABLE is similar to the DELETE statement with no WHERE clause; however, TRUNCATE TABLE is faster and uses fewer system and transaction log resources.

SYNTAX

-- Syntax for SQL Server and Azure SQL Database  
  
TRUNCATE TABLE   
    { database_name.schema_name.table_name | schema_name.table_name | table_name }  
    [ WITH ( PARTITIONS ( { <partition_number_expression> | <range> }   
    [ , ...n ] ) ) ]  
[ ; ]  
  
<range> ::=  
<partition_number_expression> TO <partition_number_expression>  

-- Syntax for Azure SQL Data Warehouse and Parallel Data Warehouse  
  
TRUNCATE TABLE { database_name.schema_name.table_name | schema_name.table_name | table_name }  
[;]  

Function	Description
UPDATE STATISTICS	Updates query optimization statistics on a table or indexed view.

SYNTAX

-- Syntax for SQL Server and Azure SQL Database  
  
UPDATE STATISTICS table_or_indexed_view_name   
    [   
        {   
            { index_or_statistics__name }  
          | ( { index_or_statistics_name } [ ,...n ] )   
                }  
    ]   
    [    WITH   
        [  
            FULLSCAN   
              [ [ , ] PERSIST_SAMPLE_PERCENT = { ON | OFF } ]    
            | SAMPLE number { PERCENT | ROWS }   
              [ [ , ] PERSIST_SAMPLE_PERCENT = { ON | OFF } ]    
            | RESAMPLE   
              [ ON PARTITIONS ( { <partition_number> | <range> } [, ...n] ) ]  
            | <update_stats_stream_option> [ ,...n ]  
        ]   
        [ [ , ] [ ALL | COLUMNS | INDEX ]   
        [ [ , ] NORECOMPUTE ]   
        [ [ , ] INCREMENTAL = { ON | OFF } ] 
        [ [ , ] MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism ] 
    ] ;  
  
<update_stats_stream_option> ::=  
    [ STATS_STREAM = stats_stream ]  
    [ ROWCOUNT = numeric_constant ]  
    [ PAGECOUNT = numeric_contant ]  

-- Syntax for Azure SQL Data Warehouse and Parallel Data Warehouse  
  
UPDATE STATISTICS [ schema_name . ] table_name   
    [ ( { statistics_name | index_name } ) ]  
    [ WITH   
       {  
              FULLSCAN   
            | SAMPLE number PERCENT   
            | RESAMPLE   
        }  
    ]  
[;]